Learn what flow and stock variables mean in simple terms. Understand how income, wealth, GDP, and debt connect through time and why this matters in economics and everyday life.

Learn how to distinguish marginal costs by exploring their relationship with fixed and variable costs in production.

Dependent variables change based on other inputs in financial models, affecting investment outcomes. Independent variables like earnings affect dependent variables, influencing metrics like P/E ratios ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Dr. JeFreda R. Brown is a financial ...